Why People Recycle

The following is a bibliography of publications and websites that examine public attitudes to recycling.

• Ackerman, Frank. "Why Do We Recycle? Markets, Values and Public Policy", Washington, DC, Island Press, 1997.
• Ackerman, Frank. "Recycling: Looking Beyond the Bottom Line", BioCycle, May 1997, pp 67-70.
• Adamec, Barbara. "Volume-Based Collection Fees: A Success Story", Resource Recycling, March, 1991. As cited in PAYT.
• Alderden, Jim. "Volume-Based Rates, Dream or Nightmare?" Recycling Today,. November 1990.
• Andersen, Katya. "Communities Weigh Merits of Variable Rates: Residents’ Fees for Garbage Disposals", World Wastes, November 1992.
• Berger, Ida E. "The Demographics of Recycling and the Structure of Environmental Behavior." Environment and Behavior, July 1997, 29:4, pp. 515-531.
• Biddle, David. "Recycled Paper Market Update", BioCycle, March 1998, pp. 35-37.
• BioCycle Guide to Maximum Recycling, Staff of BioCycle. (Eds.), The JG Press Inc., Emmaus, PA, 1993.
• Boerner, Christopher and Kenneth Chilton. "False Economy: The Folly of Demand-Side Recycling." Environment, January/February 1994, 36: 1, pp. 7-15.
• Boerner, Christopher. "Recycling: What a Waste?" American Enterprise, March/April 1994, pp. 14-18.
• Carney, Neil. "An Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Factors Which Affect Recycling Rates Performed in a Cross-Cultural Setting", University of Wisconsin System - Solid Waste Research Council, December 21, 2000, 75 pages
• "Community Provides Incentive for Residential Recycling", Resource Recycling, August 2001, pages 8-9
• Cook, Stuart W. and Joy L. Berrenberg. "Approaches to Encouraging Conservation Behavior: A Review and Conceptual Framework", Journal of Social Issues, 1981, 37: 73-107.
• Davio, Rebecca. "Curbside Collection Participation: Influences and Motivations", Resource recycling, August 2001, pages 12-17
• Derksen, L. and Gartrell, J. (1993) "The Social Context of Recycling", American Sociological Review, Vol. 58, pp 434-442.
• DeYoung, R. (1986) "Some Psychological Aspects of Recycling: The Structure of Conservation Satisfactions", Environment and Behavior, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp 435-449.
• DeYoung, R. (1996) "Some Psychological Aspects of Reduced Consumption Behavior: The Role of Intrinsic Satisfaction and Competence Motivation", Environment and Behavior, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 358-409.
• DeYoung, Raymond and Sally Boerschig, et al. "Recycling in Multi-Family Dwellings: Increasing Participation and Decreasing Contamination", Population and Environment, 1995, 16: 3, pp. 253-267.
• DeYoung, Raymond and Andrew Duncan, et al. "Promoting Source Reduction Behavior: The Role of Motivational Information", Environment and Behavior, January 1993, 25: 1, pp. 70-85.
• DeYoung, Raymond. "Changing Behavior and Making It Stick: The Conceptualization and Management of Conservation Behavior", Environment and Behavior, March 1993, 25: 3, pp. 485-505.
• DeYoung, Raymond. "Exploring the difference between recyclers and non-recyclers: The role of information." Journal of Environmental Systems, 1988-1989, 18: 341-351.
• Drulak, Joseph and Brabec, George, "Assessing Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Recycling: Results of a Telephone Survey", Loyola University, Chicago, IL, 18 pages, 1983
• Folz, David H. "Recycling Program Design, Management, and Participation: A National Survey of Municipal Experience", Public Administration Review, May/June 1991, 51: 3, pp. 222-231.
• Folz, David H. and Joseph M. Hazlett. "Public Participation and Recycling Performance: Explaining Program Success", Public Administration Review, November/December 1991, 51: pp. 526-532.
• Fullerton, Don and Kinnaman, Thomas. "Household Demand for Garbage and Recycling Collection with the Start of a Price per Bag", National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #4670, March 1994.
• Gamba, R. and Oskamp, S. (1994) "Factors Influencing Community Residents’ Participation in Commingled Curbside Recycling Programs", Environment and Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 587-612.
• Gene Kroupa & Associates, "Wisconsinites Willing to Pay for Recycling", Madison, WI, 1 page, October 16, 1990
• Gerstman + Meyers. "Consumer Solid Waste. Awareness Attitude and Behavior Study II", New York, NY, 38 pages, July, 1990
• Getchell, Karen. "Seattle Recycling Revisited", BioCycle, October 1995: 35-37.
• Gies, Glenda. "Nova Scotia on Track to 50 Percent Diversion", BioCycle, March 1998: 50-53.
• Glenn, Jim. "The State of Garbage in America" BioCycle, April 1998: 32-43.
• Guagnano, Gregory A., Stern, Paul C. And Thomas Dietz. "Influences on Attitude Behavior Relationships: A Natural Experiment with Curbside Recycling", Environment and Behavior, September 1995, 27:5, pp. 699-718.
• Hill, Ronald Paul, (Ed.) Marketing and Consumer Research in the Public Interest. Chapter 11: "Using Marketing and Advertising Principles to Encourage Pro-Environmental Behaviors", Shrum, L.J., et al. Sage Public, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA, 1996.
• Hines, J., Hungerford, H. and Tomera, A. (1986/87) "Analysis and Synthesis of Research on Responsible Environmental Behavior: A Meta-Analysis", Journal of Environmental Education, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1-8.
• Hong, Seonghoon. "An Economic Analysis of Household Recycling of Solid Wastes: The Case of Portland, Oregon." Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, Ohio State University. November 21, 1991.
• Hopper, J. and Nielsen, J. (1991) "Recycling as Altruistic Behavior: Normative and Behavioral Strategies to Expand Participation in a Community Recycling Program", Environment and Behavior, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 195-220.
• Hornik, J., J. Cherian, M. Madansky and C. Narayana (1995): "Determinants of recycling behavior: a synthesis of research results", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 24(1), 105-127.
• Horrigan, Alice and Jim Motavalli. "Talking Trash", E Magazine, March/April 1997, pp. 29-35.
• Howenstine, Erick. "Market Segmentation for Recycling", Environment and Behavior, January 1993, 25:1, pp. 86-102.
• International City/County Management Association. "Special Data Issue: Selling Recyclables: Local Government as Entrepreneurs", ICMA, Washington D.C., 1997.
• Journal of Social Issues, Winter 1995, Vol. 51, #4. Entire issue dedicated to consumer behaviour to promote sustainability, including recycling behaviour.
• Katzev, R.D. and Mishima, H. "The use of posted feedback to promote recycling", Psychological Reports, 1992, 71:259-264.
• Korot, Matt, et. al, "A Study of the Impact of Outreach Treatments on Recycling Behavior in Low Participation Neighborhoods". A Joint Project of the City of Troutdale, City of Milwaukie, City of Gresham, Clackamas County and Washington County, Gresham, Oregon, 17 pages, June 1999 (available from the author at korot@ci.gresham.or.us)
• Krause, Daniel. "Environmental Consciousness: An Empirical Study", Environment and Behavior. January 1993, 25:1, pp. 126-142.
• Lambert, Abigail F. "Rate Proposal for a Weight-Based Pricing System for Residential Waste Collection in Durham, North Carolina", Master’s Project, School of the Environment, Duke University, 1991.
• Lansana, Florence. "Distinguishing Potential Recyclers from Nonrecyclers: A Basis for Developing Recycling Strategies", Journal of Environmental Education, 1992, 23: 16-23.
• Leite, L.E.C. "Government and Non-government Provision of Solid Waste Management. Paper sponsored by the UN Centre for Regional Development and Indonesia Ministry of Public Works, Bandung, Indonesia, February 1991. As cited in UMP, 1994.
• McGovern, Ann, "Home Composting Survey. Residentail Organics management Study", Biocycle, September 2000, Pages 38-41.
• McKenzie-Mohr, Doug, Fostering Sustainable Development web page, with reference to why people recycle and the use of social marketing to change behavior, http://www.cbsm.com/
• The Metropolitan Service District. (METRO). "Success with Multifamily Recycling: A Handbook for Owners and Managers", Portland, Oregon, April 1992.
• Miedema, Allen K. "Fundamental Economic Comparisons of Solid Waste Policy Options", Resources and Energy, Vol. 5. 1983.
• Miranda, Marie Lynn, et. al., "Unit Pricing Programs for Residential Municipal Solid Waste: An Assessment of the Literature", School of Environment, Duke University, for the US EPA, on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/payt/pdf/swlitrep.pdf
• Morris, Jeff, "WhatWorks Best to Increase Waste Diversion?", Resource Recycling, January 2000, pages 37-40
• New York City Bureau of Waste Prevention, "Reuse and Recycling, Recycling: What do New Yorkers think? Five Years of Market Research", 104 pages, c. 2000. See also http://www.nyc.gov/sanitation
• New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and Cornell Cooperative Extension. "Multi-Residence Recycling Guide." Division of Solid Waste, Bureau of Waste Reduction and Recycling, Albany, NY, telephone (518) 457-7337.
• Norwgian Institute for Consumer Research, "Summaries of research on recycling and other environmental behaviours" (in English), http://www.sifo.no/english/publications/environment/default/htm
• Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality, Internet web pages at http://www.deq.state.or.us/wmc/solwaste/glass.html
• Oskamp, Stuart. "Resource Conservation and Recycling: Behavior and Policy", Journal of Social Issues, 1995, 51: 4, pp.157-177.
• Oskamp, S., Harrington, M., Edwards, T., Sherwood, D., Okuda, S., and Swanson, D. (1991) "Factors Influencing Household Recycling Behavior", Environment and Behavior, 23, pp. 494-519.
• Oskamp, S., Burkhardt, R., Schultz, P., Hurin, S. and Zelezny, L. (1998) "Predicting Three Dimensions of Residential Curbside Recycling: An Observational Study", The Journal of Environmental Education, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.37-42.
• Oskamp, Stuart and P. Wesley Schultz. "Effort as a Moderator of the Attitude-Behavior Relationship: General Environmental Concern and Recycling", Social Psychology Quarterly, 1996. 59: 4, pp.375-383.
• Pacific Energy Institute, for the City of Mercer Island. "Multi-Family Residence Recycling Guide: A How-to guide for Recycling Condominiums and Apartment Buildings", Seattle, WA, telephone (206)628-0460.
• Palmer, Karen L., Walls, Margaret A. and Hilary Sigman. "A Modest Proposal", Resources, 1997. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Internet: http://www.rff.org/resources
• Palmer, Karen L. "Putting a Price on Solid Waste Reduction", Resources. Spring 1997. Excerpted from: "The Cost of Reducing Municipal Solid Waste", Discussion Paper 91-35. Sept. 1996.
• Platt, Brenda, et al. "Beyond 40 Percent: Record Setting Recycling and Composting Programs", Institute for Local Self-Reliance, Island Press, Washington D.C., 1991.
• Rankin, Karen, "Who’s filling the Recycling Bins?", Resource Recycling, February 2001, pages 11-15.
• "Recycling Commitment High", Resource Recycling, August 2001, page 6.
• Reschovsky, James D. and Sarah E. Stone. "Household Waste Recycling", Journal of Policy Analysis & Management, Winter 1994, 13: 1, pp.120-139.
• Richard, Bill. "Recycling in Seattle Sets National Standard but is Hitting Snags", Wall Street Journal, August 3, 1993.
• Rockwood Research, "Recycling & Waste Management Survey", September 1996, Saint Paul, Minnesota (results available from Rick Person, City of St. Paul, )
• Scarlett, Lynn. "Mandates or Incentives? Comparing Packaging Regulations with User Fees for Trash Collection", Reason Foundation publication No. 158, May 1993.
• Schwartz, Shalom. "Temporal Instability as a Moderator of the Attitude-Behavior Relationship." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,. 1978, vol. 36, pp. 715-724.
• Scott, D. (1999) "Equal Opportunity, Unequal Results: Determinants of Household Recycling Intensity", Environment and Behavior, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 267-290.
• Seattle Public Utilities, Internet web pages at http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util
• Shultz, P. Wesley, Oskamp, Stuart and Tina Mainieri. "Who Recycles and When: A Review of Personal and Situational Factors." Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1995, vol. 15, pp 105-121.
• Sicular, Daniel T. "Pockets of Peasants in Indonesian Cities: The Case of Scavengers." World Development, 1991, 19:(2/3). As cited in UMP, 1994.
• Simmons, D. and Widmar, R. (1990a) "Motivations and Barriers to Recycling: Toward a Strategy for Public Education", The Journal of Environmental Education, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp13-18.
• Simmons, D. and Widmar, R. (1990b) "Participation in Household Solid Waste Reduction Activities: The Need for Public Education", The Journal of Environmental Systems, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 323-330.
• Skumatz, Lisa A. "Nationwide Diversion Rate Study-Quantitative Effects of Program Choices on Recycling and Green Waste Diversion: Beyond Case Studies." Reason Foundation Los Angeles, CA and Skumatz Economic Research Associates, Inc. (SERA), Seattle, WA. October 1996, Policy Study No. 214, pp. 1-23.
• Skumatz, Lisa A. and John Green, "Evaluating the Impact of Recycling Education", Resource recycling, August 2001, pages 31-37. Also see web page http://www.serainc.com
• Sound Resource Management Group, et al., "Analysis of Set-Out Weights for Garbage, Recyclables and Yard Debris in the City of Vancouver", Spring, Summer and Fall, 2000.
• Sound Resource Management, "UnEconomist:, September, 1999 through December, 1999 issues address incentives to increase residential recycling. Available on the Web Site http://www.zerowaste.com/
• Stern, P.C. and Stuart Oskamp. "Managing scarce environmental resources", In I. Altman and D. Stokols (Eds.) Handbook of environmental psychology, New York, Wiley, 1987, pp. 1044-1088.
• Steuteville, Robert. "Curbside Recycling in its Glory", BioCycle, July 1995, pp. 44-51.
• Steuteville, Roberts. "Dramatic Results from Weight-Based Fees", BioCycle, March 1997, pp. 36-38.
• Taylor, Shirley and Peter Todd. "An Integrated Model of Waste Management Behavior: A Test of Household Recycling and Composting Intentions." Environment and Behavior, September 1995, 27:5, pp. 603-630.
• Thogersen, John. "Recycling and Morality: A Critical Review of the Literature", Environment and Behavior, July 1996, 28:4, pp. 536-558.
• Tools of Change. Web page includes case studies on using social marketing to effect change in behavor. http://www.toolsofchange.com/
• Urban Management Program (UMP). "Private Sector Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Services in Developing Countries." 1994. Vol. 1. The Formal Sector. World Bank. Washington D.C.
• US EPA, Multimaterial Source Separation in Marblehead and Somerville, Massachusetts. Citizen Attitudes Toward Source Separation. Volume V, pulication SW-825, 37 pages, 1979
• UW-Oshkosh Urban Studies Club, Refuse Collection Study, Oshkosh, WI, 12 pages, May, 1988 (a survey of citizen attitudes)
• Van Liere, K. and Dunlap, R.E. "The social bases of environmental concern: A review of hypotheses, explanations, and empirical evidence", Public Opinion Quarterly, 1980, 44: 181-197.
• Van Liere, K. "Environmental Concern: Does it make a difference how it’s measured?", Environment and Behavior, 1981, 13: 651-676.
• Vining, J. and Ebreo, A. (1989) "An Evaluation of the Public Response to a Community Recycling Education Program", Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 2, pp. 23-36.
• Vining, J., and Ebreo, A. (1990) "What Makes A Recycler? A Comparison of Recyclers and Nonrecyclers", Environment and Behavior, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp 55-73.
• Vining, J., Linn, N. And Burdge, R. (1992) "Why Recycle? A Comparison of Recycling Motivations in Four Communities", Environmental Management, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 785-797.
• Vining, Joanne. "What Makes a Recycler", Environment and Behavior, 1990: 22, pp. 55-73.
• Volokh, Alexander and Lynn Scarlett. "Is Recycling Good or Bad-or Both?", Consumers Research, September 1997, pp. 14-16.
• Washington Department of Ecology. "Solid Waste in Washington State: Seventh Annual Status Report", Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program, Publication #98-504, Olympia, WA. December 1998.
• Washington Utilities Transportation Commission, Internet web pages at http://www.wutc.wa.gov/
• Werner, C. and Makela, E. (1998) "Motivations and Behaviors That Support Recycling", Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 18, pp. 373-386.
• West, Jonathan P., Lee, Stephanie J. and Richard C. Feiock. "Managing Municipal Waste: Attitudes and Opinions of Administrators and Environmentalists", Environment and Behavior, January 1992, 24:1, pp. 111-133.
• Wisconsin Policy Research Institute, The Wisconsin Citizen Survey, September 1990, Milwaukee, WI, 75 pages
• Zigman Joseph Stephenson, "A Quantative Survey of Wisconsin Heads of Households for Waste Management, Inc.", Milwaukee, WI, 19 pages, October 1995

This bibliography has been kindly supplied by Dane County, Wisconsin, USA.
http://www.co.dane.wi.us/